Real-world range is almost always lower than laboratory specs. Contributing factors include: heavier rider or cargo, hilly routes, frequent stops and starts, high speed, strong headwinds, low tire pressure, cold temperatures, and battery age. To improve range, lower your average speed, keep tires properly inflated, remove unnecessary cargo, use eco or pedal-assist modes if available, and maintain the battery (store at ~40–60% if not used long-term).